The Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence (STCE) is a collaborative network of the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, the Royal Observatory of Belgium and the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium.
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Published by the STCE - this issue : 3 Apr 2015. The Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence (STCE) is a collaborative network of the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, the Royal Observatory of Belgium and the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium. |
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Around noon on 27 March, a giant wall of solar plasma (charged particles) propelled itself into space. A movie of this event can be seen at http://youtu.be/_CLHqe9-gd8
Prominences are regions of dense and relatively cool material that are squeezed between fields of opposite magnetic polarity. They are seen at the solar limb, with typical values for height and length of resp. 30.000 km and 100.000 km. On the solar disk, they are seen as thin dark lines called filaments.
Last week's prominence clearly diverged from these typical values. In fact, just prior to its eruption, its height was at a steady 100.000 km, and with its length of at least 400.000 km it was even longer than the average earth-moon distance!
As this "wall of plasma" got ejected into space, the associated coronal mass ejection (CME) displayed its typical lightbulb shape: bright rim, dark cavity, and bright core filament. The CME was rather slow, with a plane-of-the-sky speed of only about 300 km/s. Though most of the prominence was ejected, some material can be seen falling back onto the solar surface, creating local brightenings.
The movie first shows a wide angle view of the event combining extreme ultraviolet (EUV) images from PROBA2 (1 million degrees) and SDO/AIA 304 (80.000 degrees). The clip covers nearly 3 days (25-27 March) and gives an idea of the extent of the wall as it appears from behind the northeast solar limb. The next clip covers 12 hours (06:00-18:00UT) and provides a zoom on the prominence and its evolution by combining SDO/AIA 304 (red) with AIA 193 (green; 1.3 million degrees) imagery. This zoom clearly shows the dynamics of the mass concentrations within the prominence. The final clip adds coronagraphic imagery from SOHO/LASCO C2.
Credits - Images for this movie were taken from SDO (http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/), PROBA2 (http://proba2.oma.be/ssa), SOHO (http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/home.html), and (J)Helioviewer (http://helioviewer.org/).
The twelfth edition of the European Space Weather Week is waiting for your input. You can choose between 3 flavours: contribution to a session, a working meeting proposal or a business meeting.
Pick yours on http://www.stce.be/esww12/
Happy submission !
Solar flare activity remained low during the week.
In order to view the activity of this week in more detail, we suggest to go to the following website from which all the daily (normal and difference) movies can be accessed:
http://proba2.oma.be/ssa
This page also lists the recorded flaring events.
A weekly overview movie can be found here (SWAP week 261).
http://proba2.oma.be/swap/data/mpg/movies/weekly_movies/weekly_movie_2015_03_23.mp4
Details about some of this week’s events, can be found further below.
Failed eruption on the east limb @ 16:19 SWAP image
Find a movie of the event here (SWAP movie)
http://proba2.oma.be/swap/data/mpg/movies/20150327_swap_movie.mp4
Only C-class flares were reported, 40 in total with a majority of low C-class flares. The strongest flare of the week was the C8.7 flare peaking at 04:46 UT, on March 25. This long duration flare originated from the Catania sunspot group 13 (NOAA AR 2305) and was accompanied by coronal dimming and a post-eruption arcade observed by SDO/AIA. There was although no clear CME visible in the SOHO/LASCO data. The majority of the flares originated from the Catania sunspot group 13 (NOAA AR 2305), which had a beta-gamma configuration of its photospheric magnetic field, except on May 25 and 26, when it was classified as beta-gamma-delta active region.
Two wide CMEs were observed this week. For both, the source region was on the far-side of the Sun, and were therefore not expected to arrive to the Earth. No wide, Earth-directed CMEs were observed this week.
The full halo CME, first seen in the SOHO LASCO C2 field of view at 08:24 UT on March 24 and with a projected plane-of-the-sky speed of about 1900 km/s, was however with a gradual increase of the proton >10 MeV fluxes. The flux did not cross the event threshold (see graph below).
An extension towards the solar equator of a southern polar coronal hole reached the central meridian early on March 27. This coronal hole is expected to be geo-effective.
The first days of the week, the Earth was inside the fast solar wind with a maximum value of about 650 km/s on March 25. The remaining days, the speed stayed between 450 and 350 km/s.
The sudden change of the magnetic field phi angle, at about 14:30 UT on March 26, and its stable value afterwards, indicated that the Earth crossed a sector boundary.
The solar wind parameter measured by ACE early March 28, indicated that an ICME had passed. The in situ interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) strength increased for about two days, with the maximum value of 16nT on March 29. The Bz component of the IMF was during short time intervals negative, with values up to -8nT. The solar origin of this ICME was not identified. The arrival of this ICME did not induced disturbed geomagnetic conditions.
The geomagnetic conditions were quiet to unsettled during most of the week, as reported by Izmiran (K=2) and NOAA (Kp=2). The local station at Dourbes reported a value of K=5 during one interval on March 24 and during one interval on March 25. The high values of the K index reported by Dourbes were the combined result of local fluctuations of the magnetic field and the low reliability of the measurements.
The figure shows the time evolution of the Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) (in red) during the last week at three locations:
a) in the northern part of Europe(N61°, 5°E)
b) above Brussels(N50.5°, 4.5°E)
c) in the southern part of Europe(N36°, 5°E)
This figure also shows (in grey) the normal ionospheric behaviour expected based on the median VTEC from the 15 previous days.
The VTEC is expressed in TECu (with TECu=10^16 electrons per square meter) and is directly related to the signal propagation delay due to the ionosphere (in figure: delay on GPS L1 frequency).
The Sun's radiation ionizes the Earth's upper atmosphere, the ionosphere, located from about 60km to 1000km above the Earth's surface.The ionization process in the ionosphere produces ions and free electrons. These electrons perturb the propagation of the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) signals by inducing a so-called ionospheric delay.
See http://stce.be/newsletter/GNSS_final.pdf for some more explanations ; for detailed information, see http://gnss.be/ionosphere_tutorial.php
Start : 2015-04-13 - End : 2015-04-17
Space Weather Workshop is an annual conference that brings
industry, academia, and government agencies together in a lively
dialog about space weather. What began in 1996 as a conference for
the space weather user community, Space Weather Workshop has
evolved into the Nation's leading conference on all issues
relating to space weather.
The conference addresses the remarkably diverse impacts of space
weather on today's technology. The program highlights space
weather impacts in several areas, including communications,
navigation, spacecraft operations, aviation, and electric power.
The presentations and discussions at the Space Weather Workshop
also focus on identifying the highest priority needs for
operational services that can guide future research and identifying
new high-value capabilities that can be transitioned into
operations. The conference fosters communication among researchers,
space weather service providers, and users of space weather
services.
This year also marks the 50th anniversary of daily space weather
forecasting, so please join us in celebrating this important
milestone!
Website:
http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/content/annual-meeting
Start : 2015-04-28 - End : 2015-05-01
At present, solar researches and study of active late-type stars
achieve a significant advance thanks new observational facilities
and progress of the theory. The problems of an evolution of
activity at the billion year-time-scales start to be discussed.
Superflares were detected on stars younger than the Sun, and the
frequency of superflares occurrence was evaluated. The first
hypotheses were proposed for evaluation of flare activity level and
expected stellar wind fluxes at the epoch when the regular cycle on
the Sun was only established. Now it is a time to discuss further
directions of perspective investigations which are essential for
evaluation of space factor affecting on geo- and bio-sphere in
those epochs and space weather forecast.
Website:
http://www.tau.ac.il/institutes/advanced/cosmic/Conferences/2015-VarSITI_Superflares/VarSITI-2015_ISR.html
Start : 2015-05-02 - End : 2015-05-08
Start : 2015-05-18 - End : 2015-05-22
URSI AT-RASC 2015 will be the first edition of the newly
established triennial URSI Atlantic Radio Science Conference as one
of the URSI Flagship Conferences. AT-RASC 2015 will have an open
scientific program composed of submitted papers within the domains
covered by all ten Commissions of URSI.
Website: http://www.at-rasc.com/
Start : 2015-05-19 - End : 2015-05-22
The HELCATS project (see http://www.helcats-fp7.eu/) is
providing revolutionary new insights into solar wind structure
through combining the comprehensive analysis of heliospheric
imaging observations from the NASA STEREO spacecraft, in concert
with associated remote-sensing and in-situ measurements, with a
thorough assessment of appropriate techniques and models. The
project recognises that the advent of wide-angle imaging of the
inner heliosphere has revolutionised the study of transient and
quasi-stationary structures in the solar wind, in particular
Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) and Co-rotating Interaction Regions
(CIRs). Prior to the development of wide-angle imaging of the inner
heliosphere, signatures of such solar wind features could only be
observed within a few solar radii of the Sun, and in the vicinity
of a few near-Earth and interplanetary probes making in-situ
measurements of the solar wind. Heliospheric imaging has, for the
first time, filled that vast and crucial observational gap.
We will debate, in particular, the emotive issue of how we
associate CMEs with related phenomena observed, for example, on the
Sun or in-situ. How do we define (without bias and the need for
assumptions such as the relationship between flares and CMEs), a
standard set of 'rules', both temporal and spatial, for making such
associations? Such standards are crucial when forward and
backward-projecting data.
Website:
http://www.affects-fp7.eu/helcats-meeting/
Start : 2015-05-25 - End : 2015-05-29
25-27 May 2015: BUKS 2015 - MHD waves: Observational aspects
from ground to space - MHD waves: Theory - where are we? - MHD
instabilities
27-28 May 2015: Ruderman Honorary meeting - Theory of linear MHD
waves - MHD waves instabilities - Non-linear waves in plasmas
29 May 2015: Joint BUKS/Ruderman's conferences excursion -
Boat excursion to Szentendre, Visegrad and Esztergom
Website:
http://swat.group.shef.ac.uk/Conferences/BUKS_2015/index.html
Start : 2015-06-01 - End : 2015-06-05
Check the website for more information.
Website:
http://ws-sozopol.stil.bas.bg/
Start : 2015-06-01 - End : 2015-07-24
The Space Weather Summer School at Los Alamos National
Laboratory, established in 2011 under the founding Director Josef
Koller, is dedicated to space weather, space science and
applications. Every year we solicit applications for the Los Alamos
Space Weather Summer School. This summer school is sponsored and
supported by a number or organizations at LANL. This year our top
sponsors include the Los Alamos Institute of Geophysics, Planetary
Physics and Signatures (IGPPS) and the Laboratory Directed Research
and Development Office (LDRD). The summer school brings together
top space science students with internationally recognized
researchers at LANL in an educational and collaborative
atmosphere.
Website:
http://www.swx-school.lanl.gov/
Start : 2015-06-08 - End : 2015-06-12
The RadioSun Workshop and Summer School 2015 is the fourth
international academic seminar supported by the International
Research Staff Exchange Scheme of the Seventh Fromework Programme
of the European Union (FP7-IRSES-295272-RADIOSUN). The aims of this
project are to establish close research interaction and
collaboration between the key EU and non-EU research groups
involved in the research of the Sun in the radio band;
qualitatively advance our knowledge of the physical processes
operating in the solar atmosphere, the basic mechanisms responsible
for its evolution and dynamics and its effect on the Earth; and
provide younger researchers with extensive training in relevant
research techniques and with universal transfer.
Website:
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/staff/research/davidpascoe/radiosun
Start : 2015-06-09 - End : 2015-06-12
The last five years have seen substantial progress in our
understanding of the solar dynamo, fueled by continuing advances in
observations and modeling. With the launch of NASA's Solar Dynamics
Observatory (SDO) in 2010 came an unprecedented window on the
evolving magnetic topology of the Sun, highlighting its intricate
3D structure and global connectivity. The Helioseismic Magnetic
Imager (HMI) instrument on SDO in particular has provided
potentially transformative yet enigmatic insights into the internal
dynamics of the solar convection zone that underlie the dynamo.
Attempts to detect subsurface convective motions from helioseismic
inversions have yielded only upper limits on the large-scale
convective amplitude, challenging our understanding of global solar
convection. Yet, potential signatures of giant cells have been
detected in photospheric Dopplergrams. Estimates of the meridional
flow from HMI and complementary instruments (SOHO/MDI and GONG)
have been equally tantalizing and enigmatic. Several disparate
techniques, including local and global helioseismic inversions and
correlation tracking of surface features, have yielded evidence of
a multi-cellular meridional flow but they differ on the detailed
flow structure and amplitude. This multi-cellular meridional flow
has potentially profound implications for flux-transport dynamo
models that previously assumed a very different structure with a
single circulation cell per hemisphere.
Website:
https://www2.hao.ucar.edu/Workshop/Solar-Dynamo-Frontiers
Start : 2015-07-05 - End : 2015-07-09
We would like to invite you to submit contributed abstracts to
the parallel session "The science of space weather: progressing our
understanding" at the 2015 UK National Astronomy Meeting from 5-9
July (http://nam2015.org). The abstract-submission deadline is 1
April 2015. Observers, modellers, and theoreticians are all
welcome. We also welcome participation from end users interested in
how the science of space weather is advancing.
The science of space weather: progressing our understanding
The goal of this session is to provide an opportunity to discuss
the scientific research that underpins space weather and how a new
generation of operational space weather measurements could best be
utilised to further progress our understanding. Specific topics are
likely to include 1) gaps in our understanding of space weather and
how to resolve them, 2) new space and ground-based data that are
needed, 3) new science that can be carried out with the operational
space weather measurements being planned today.
This session is motivated by the fact that the UK has a strong
heritage in the science of the coupled Sun-Earth system, from both
an observational and theoretical perspective. This research is
increasingly being applied to the area of space weather monitoring
and forecasting, a topic that is now nationally recognised as an
important natural hazard for the UK (highly ranked in the National
Risk Register) and the subsequent opening of the Met Office Space
Weather Operations Centre in 2014.
Up until now, both the research and the space weather monitoring
and forecasting have utilised mainly data from instrumentation
(both space- and ground-based) designed to answer pertinent
scientific questions, though some operational instruments (e.g. the
X-ray and particle detectors on NOAA's GOES spacecraft) are also
widely exploited for scientific use. However, there is now growing
interest in deploying more instruments, in space and on the ground,
designed to support operational space weather services. Such
operational measurements can facilitate new science, as
demonstrated by the extensive research use of GOES data, but it is
important that the limitations imposed by operational needs are
discussed.
Website: http://nam2015.org/
Start : 2015-07-13 - End : 2015-07-24
The CISM Summer School is intended to give students a
comprehensive immersion in the subject of space weather: what it
is, what it does, and what can be done about it. Space weather is
many things: beautiful when seen through the eyes of a sun-viewing
telescope, fascinating when studied for its alien worlds of
magnetic structures and phenomena, awesome when witnessed as a
solar eruption or auroral storm, and devastating to the users of
services it disrupts. Space weather links the Sun, the Earth, and
the space in between in a branching chain of consequences. Weather
systems on the Sun can spawn interplanetary storms of colossal size
and energy that envelop the whole planet in electrical hurricanes.
Such storms attack high-tech, complex, and expensive technological
systems that provide much of the infrastructure that allows modern
society to function.
Website:
https://www2.hao.ucar.edu/Events/2015-CISM-Summer-School
Start : 2015-07-21 - End : 2015-07-23
The conference will review past and recent achievements, as well
as future challenges in the field of solar coronal loop
physics.
Website:
http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/astro/cl7/index.html
Start : 2015-07-28 - End : 2015-08-04
Heliophysics is all of the science common to the field of the
Sun-Earth connections. This fast-developing field of research
covers many traditional sub-disciplines of space physics,
astrophysics, and climate studies. The NASA Living with a Star
program, with its focus on the basic science underlying all aspects
of space weather, acts as a catalyst to bring the many research
disciplines together to deepen our understanding of the system of
systems formed by the Sun-Earth connection.
Website:
http://www.heliophysics.ucar.edu/
Start : 2015-07-30 - End : 2015-08-06
The 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC) will be held
from July 30 to August 6, 2015, in The Hague, The Netherlands. It
is an important and large conference in the field of Astroparticle
Physics. The ICRC covers: cosmic-ray physics, solar and
heliospheric physics, gamma-ray astronomy, neutrino astronomy, and
dark matter physics.
Website: http://icrc2015.nl
Start : 2015-08-31 - End : 2015-09-04
The purpose of this conference is to discuss the latest
questions and results in solar and stellar physics. Solar and
stellar seismology will be one particular focus but contributions
on all aspects of solar-stellar relations will be welcome. We aim
to establish links and synergies between the day- and night-time
fields of astrophysics.
Website:
http://www.iac.es/congreso/solarnet-3meeting/
Start : 2015-09-02 - End : 2015-09-04
The Workshop will address how the joint exploration of the
corona and inner heliosphere will lead to advances in our
understanding of coronal heating and solar wind acceleration, the
magnetic and plasma structure of the heliosphere, and the
acceleration of energetic particles at shocks and flares. The
workshop will inspire research that will make use of SO and SPP
observations within the context of the NASA Heliophysics
Observatory System and identify key areas for preparatory research.
Synergistic observations from other ground based and space based
assets will also be addressed.
Website:
http://www.solarprobeplus.org/2015/
Start : 2015-09-06 - End : 2015-09-13
The International Workshop and School on solar system plasma
turbulence, intermittency and multifractals (STORM 2015) focus on
the quantitative experimental, theoretical and numerical
investigation of turbulence, intermittency, fractal/multifractal
features, waves and coherent structures interaction, criticality
and non-linear cross-scale coupling. As widely documented by
in-situ satellite measurements and remote or ground-based
observations, turbulence, intermittency and dynamical complexity
are quite ubiquitous processes observed in the dynamics of solar,
planetary and interplanetary plasmas, as well as in the dynamical
evolution of proxies linked to magnetospheric and ionospheric
variability.
Unfolding the spatio-temporal structure of magnetic field and
plasma fluctuations from experimental observations and numerical
simulations provides further insight on the structure of plasma
turbulence and intermittency. On the theoretical side, the
understanding of such complex dynamical behavior cannot be simply
surmised from the basic fluid/kinetic equations, but instead
requires novel theoretical, experimental and data analysis
approaches. The workshop is a forum to present and discuss latest
results in these fields. The purpose of the school is to give to a
young audience of Graduate, Ph.D. students, and postdoc scientists,
which ideally represents the next generation of scholars in the
physics of space plasmas, an overall view of both theoretical and
data analysis tools apt to fully exploit unique and unprecedented
observations that will be provided by future upcoming mission like
Solar Orbiter and Solar Probe Plus.
Website:
http://www.spacescience.ro/conferences/storm2015/
Start : 2015-09-14 - End : 2015-09-18
The aim of RADECS conferences is to provide an annual European
forum for the presentation and discussion of the latest advances in
the field of radiation effects on electronic and photonic
materials, devices, circuits, sensors, and systems. The scope of
the conference encompasses technological processes and design
techniques for producing radiation tolerant systems for space,
aeronautical or terrestrial applications, as well as relevant
methodologies for their characterization and qualification. The
conference features a technical program, an Industrial Exhibition,
and one day tutorial or "short course" on radiation effects. The
technical program includes oral and poster sessions and round
tables.
Website:
http://www.radecs2015.org/
Start : 2015-09-21 - End : 2015-09-26
A good understanding of solar-terrestrial processes is
fundamental to modelling the influence of solar variability on the
Earth's environment and climate. To capture all the physical
aspects of the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere-atmosphere
interaction, and also the impact of solar variability on climate,
the Sun-Earth system has to be studied as a whole. The main purpose
of this school is to provide graduate, PhD students and also young
post-doc researchers with a global view of the main physical
processes by which solar variability affects the Earth's
environment. In addition, an overview of different data analysis
and methods for describing solar-terrestrial relations will be
given. The school will provide a mix of lectures and activities
requiring students participation.
Website:
http://www.cifs-isss.org/
Start : 2015-10-05 - End : 2015-10-09
This CSPM-2015 scientific meeting will cover various aspects of
solar dynamic and magnetic phenomena which are observed over the
entire electromagnetic spectrum: white-light, Hα, Ca II,
and radio from ground and in a variety of other wavelengths (white
light, UV and EUV, and X-rays) from space. Emphasis will also be
placed on instrumentation, observing techniques, and solar image
processing techniques, as well as theory and modelling through
detailed radiative transfer in increasingly realistic MHD models.
The long-term (cyclic) evolution of solar magnetism and its
consequence for the solar atmosphere, eruptive phenomena, solar
irradiation variations, and space weather, will be in focus. Here,
special attention will be devoted to the long-term observations
made in Coimbra and also to the results of the SPRING / SOLARNET
and SCOSTEP VarSITI studies. In particular, the weak solar activity
during the current solar maximum will be discussed. Finally, since
this meeting is organised around the 90th anniversary of performing
the first spectroheliographic observations in Coimbra, a session
will be specially dedicated to new solar instruments (both
ground-based and space-borne) that will give access to unexplored
solar atmospheric features and dynamic phenomena over the coming
years.
Website:
http://www.mat.uc.pt/~cspm2015/
Start : 2015-10-19 - End : 2015-10-23
The workshop aims to gather experts from the various fields of
remote sensing observations of the inner heliosphere,
including white light, EUV, and radio observation,
together with modellers in order to tackle key outstanding science
and space weather operational issues, establish closer
working relations, and devise the best ways to move the field
forward as a whole. In addition, the science learned from remote
Âsensing observations is critical to improving our
capabilities of space weather forecasting. The workshop
aims to look at ways in which we can more easily and efficiently
share and access the various types of data between individual
groups and subÂcommunities and to officially launch the
IPS Common Data Format v1.0 (IPSCDFv1.0) now in use. It also aims
to allow investigations into ways in which we model the inner
heliosphere looking at the advantages and disadvantages of the
available modelling, updates on present and future
remoteÂsensing capabilities, and investigating further
the ways in which these data sets all complement each other and are
necessary to gain knowledge and understanding of the fundamental
physical processes that occur within the inner heliosphere. These
are critical processes that are key to both Heliophysics science as
well as to spaceÂweather operations and forecasting.
Website:
http://www.sciesmex.unam.mx/workshop2015/
Start : 2015-11-10 - End : 2015-11-13
Observations of the Sun and Earth from space have revolutionized
our view and understanding about impacts of solar variability and
anthropogenic forcing on Earth climate. For more than three solar
cycles since 1978, the total and spectral solar irradiance (TSI and
SSI) and global terrestrial atmosphere/surface have been observed
continuously, enabling unprecedented quality data for Sun-climate
studies. The primary objective of this symposium is to convene
climate scientists, solar physicists, and experimentalists together
for a better understanding how Earth climate system changes and
responds to solar variability.
Website:
http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/sorce/news-events/meetings/2015-sun-climate-symposium/
Start : 2016-07-30 - End : 2016-08-07
The 41st COSPAR Scientific Assembly will be held in Istanbul,
Turkey from 30 July - 7 August 2016. This Assembly is open to all
bona fide scientists.
Website:
https://www.cospar-assembly.org/
e Zon, Helios, Sol, ... er bestaan vele namen voor die gele bol die dagelijks ons hemelgewelf doorkruist en onze warmte- en lichtbron bij uitstek is. Dankzij satellietwaarnemingen hebben we onze ster leren kennen als een dyna- misch en explosief hemelobject dat aan de basis ligt van het zogenaamde ruimteweer dat een belangrijke impact heeft op onze technologie.
Bijdrage aan een editie 'Zonnestormen en hun impact op elektrische netten' van het Revue E tijdschrift - 130ste jaargang - nr 2-2014(juin/juni 2014)
http://www.spaceweather.eu/en/repository/show?id=566
The Earth’s magnetic field creates a cavity in interplanetary space, called the magnetosphere. Physical processes in this region of space determine how mass and energy from the solar wind reach the ionosphere, the partially ionized upper atmosphere. Magnetosphere and ionosphere are strongly coupled. Together, they modulate the impacts of solar activity on man and technology. This paper presents a brief overview of the magnetosphere-ionosphere system under quiet conditions, followed by a summary of the most important dynamic effects during disturbed conditions.
Contribution to the edition 'Zonnestormen en hun impact op elektrische netten' van het Revue E tijdschrift - 130ste jaargang - nr 2-2014(juin/juni 2014)
http://www.spaceweather.eu/en/repository/show?id=567
The Earth’s magnetic field varies on a wide range of timescales, from long time trends caused by internal processes to rapid fluctuations caused primarily by solar events. Nowadays, the magnetic field is continually being monitored by worldwide networks of observatories. Different indices have been developed to characterise the magnetic activity, and various services exist to alert users in case of a magnetic disturbance.
Contribution to the edition 'Zonnestormen en hun impact op elektrische netten' van het Revue E tijdschrift - 130ste jaargang - nr 2-2014(juin/juni 2014)
http://www.spaceweather.eu/en/repository/show?id=568
Presentation given at the workshop Six Years of SOLAR/SOLSPEC mission on ISS - Achievements and prospects.
http://www.spaceweather.eu/en/repository/show?id=569
Presentation given at the workshop Six Years of SOLAR/SOLSPEC mission on ISS - Achievements and prospects.
http://www.spaceweather.eu/en/repository/show?id=570
Presentation given at the workshop Six Years of SOLAR/SOLSPEC mission on ISS - Achievements and prospects.
http://www.spaceweather.eu/en/repository/show?id=571
Presentation given at the workshop Six Years of SOLAR/SOLSPEC mission on ISS - Achievements and prospects.
http://www.spaceweather.eu/en/repository/show?id=572
Presentation given at the workshop Six Years of SOLAR/SOLSPEC mission on ISS - Achievements and prospects.
http://www.spaceweather.eu/en/repository/show?id=573
Presentation given at the workshop Six Years of SOLAR/SOLSPEC mission on ISS - Achievements and prospects.
http://www.spaceweather.eu/en/repository/show?id=574
Presentation given at the workshop Six Years of SOLAR/SOLSPEC mission on ISS - Achievements and prospects.
http://www.spaceweather.eu/en/repository/show?id=575
Presentation given at the workshop Six Years of SOLAR/SOLSPEC mission on ISS - Achievements and prospects.
http://www.spaceweather.eu/en/repository/show?id=576
Presentation given at the workshop Six Years of SOLAR/SOLSPEC mission on ISS - Achievements and prospects.
http://www.spaceweather.eu/en/repository/show?id=577
Presentation given at the workshop Six Years of SOLAR/SOLSPEC mission on ISS - Achievements and prospects.
http://www.spaceweather.eu/en/repository/show?id=578
Presentation given at the workshop Six Years of SOLAR/SOLSPEC mission on ISS - Achievements and prospects.
http://www.spaceweather.eu/en/repository/show?id=579
Presentation given at the workshop Six Years of SOLAR/SOLSPEC mission on ISS - Achievements and prospects.
http://www.spaceweather.eu/en/repository/show?id=582
Presentation given at the workshop Six Years of SOLAR/SOLSPEC mission on ISS - Achievements and prospects.
http://www.spaceweather.eu/en/repository/show?id=580
Presentation given at the workshop Six Years of SOLAR/SOLSPEC mission on ISS - Achievements and prospects.
http://www.spaceweather.eu/en/repository/show?id=581